Inocuidad de los productos lácteos y su influencia en la salud

Introducción: Las enfermedades transmitidas por los alimentos es un fenómeno a nivel internacional que provoca cada año miles de enfermos o muertos, con la inclusión de niños y ancianos. La inocuidad de los alimentos es el proceso que garantiza la calidad de estos durante el proceso productivo, almacenamiento y distribución. Evitar afectaciones en este proceso beneficia directamente la calidad de vida sin que represente un riesgo para la salud. Objetivo: Ofrecer acciones en el proceso industrial de la Unidad Empresarial de Base Planta de Leche y sus Derivados, perteneciente a la Empresa Productos Lácteos Guantánamo, que permitan la inocuidad de los productos lácteos a partir de insuficiencias identificadas. Método: Se realizó un estudio cualitativo y cuantitativo en dicha planta en el periodo 2021-2022, donde participaron 43 obreros (N=43) directamente vinculados con el proceso productivo de los productos lácteos. Se aplicaron el cuestionario y la observación participante para la obtención de la información. Se contó, además, con los criterios y opiniones de cuatros directivos y seis especialistas de la entidad. Resultados: Se hallaron limitaciones en la concepción de alternativas que constituyen acciones novedosas para la aplicación en el proceso industrial de resultados de calidad en la inocuidad de los productos lácteos a partir de la obsolescencia de los equipos y los niveles de conocimiento de Regular y Mal en el 100 % de los obreros. Se aplicaron acciones que permitan asegurar la inocuidad. Conclusiones: Las acciones que se presentan satisfacen las limitaciones diagnosticadas, corroborada durante el desempeño laboral para satisfacer las demandas sociales de inocuidad.

Introduction: Foodborne diseases are an international phenomenon that causes thousands of illnesses or deaths every year, including children and the elderly. Food safety is the process that guarantees food quality during the production process, storage and distribution. Avoiding effects in this process directly benefits the quality of life without representing a risk to health. Objective: To offer actions in the industrial process of the Milk and its Derivatives Plant Base Business Unit, belonging to the Productos Lácteos Guantánamo Company, that allow the safety of dairy products based on identified insufficiencies. Method: A qualitative and quantitative study was carried out in said plant in the period 2021-2022, where 43 workers (N=43) directly linked to the production process of dairy products participated. The questionnaire and participant observation were applied to obtain the information. In addition, the criteria and opinions of four directors and six specialists of the entity were included. Results: Limitations were found in the conception of alternatives that constitute novel actions for the application in the industrial process of quality results in the safety of dairy products based on the obsolescence of equipment and the levels of knowledge of Regular and Poor in 100% of the workers. Actions were applied to ensure safety. Conclusions: The actions presented satisfy the diagnosed limitations, corroborated during work performance to satisfy social demands for safety.

Introdução: As doenças transmitidas por alimentos são um fenómeno internacional que causa milhares de doenças ou mortes todos os anos, incluindo crianças e idosos. A segurança alimentar é o processo que garante a qualidade dos alimentos durante o processo de produção, armazenamento e distribuição. Evitar efeitos nesse processo beneficia diretamente a qualidade de vida sem representar risco à saúde. Objetivo: Oferecer ações no processo industrial da Unidad Empresarial de Base Planta de Leche y sus Derivados, pertencente à Empresa Produtos Lácteos Guantánamo, que permitam a segurança de produtos lácteos com base nas insuficiências identificadas. Método: Foi realizado um estudo qualitativo e quantitativo na referida fábrica no período 2021-2022, onde participaram 43 trabalhadores (N=43) ligados diretamente ao processo produtivo de laticínios. O questionário e a observação participante foram aplicados para obtenção das informações. Além disso, foram incluídos os critérios e opiniões de quatro diretores e seis especialistas da entidade. Resultados: Foram encontradas limitações na concepção de alternativas que constituam ações inéditas para a aplicação no processo industrial de resultados de qualidade na segurança de produtos lácteos com base na obsolescência dos equipamentos e nos níveis de conhecimento Regular e Ruim em 100% dos trabalhadores. Ações foram aplicadas para garantir a segurança. Conclusões: As ações apresentadas satisfazem as limitações diagnosticadas, corroboradas durante o desempenho do trabalho para satisfazer as demandas sociais de segurança.

Prevention of osteoporosis in population older than 50 from Colombia: An intervention model from a nutrieconomics perspective

Introduction: Osteoporosis is a chronic disease characterized by a decrease in the density of bone mass, making bone more porous, less resistant and of lower quality than normal bone. This leads to the deterioration of its microstructure, making the bone more fragile and therefore increasing the risk of fracture. It has been found that high concentrations of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium promote the absorption of minerals such as calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus and thus increase mineral density. Due to the great social and economic impacts of osteoporosis, it is necessary to develop interventions that can be easily adopted at the population level, improving the quality of life of individuals without significantly affecting the health system. Objective: Assessing the impact of increased dairy consumption on the Colombian population diagnosed with osteoporosis between 2015 and 2020 through the simulation of the potential impact fraction (PIF). Methods: Using data from the Integrated Social Protection Information System (SISPRO) and National Nutritional Situation Survey (ENSIN), the incidence, the frequency of milk consumption, the potential impact fraction (PIF), and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) were estimated. Results: A total of 63,640 cases of osteoporosis were identified. The highest incidence was observed in 2019. Seventeen food groups were identified in the ENSIN, and the most frequent products consumed by respondents over 50 years of age were milk, cheese, and yogurt. The PIF was then analysed, with a calcium intake of 600 mg/ day, and a significant difference in the decrease in the number of cases was observed. In 2019, a higher estimated DALY loss of 9.9 was observed. In women, years of life lost due to fractures were the highest in the 65-69 age group. In men, they were highest in the 75-79 age group. Discussion: We observed that the departments with the highest consumption of dairy products were the capital of the country and regions where dairy products factories are located. It was not possible to establish an association between socioeconomic strata and low dairy intake. Nevertheless, some authors have proposed that westernization of diets and low income reduce access to fresh fruits and milk derivates. Conclusion: Years lost due to disability increased in the population over 60 years of age. In the PIF analysis, a decrease in cases was observed when the population increased consumption of dairy products.

Introducción: La osteoporosis es una enfermedad crónica caracterizada por una disminución de la densidad de la masa ósea que hace que el hueso sea más poroso, menos resistente y de menor calidad que el hueso normal. Esto conduce al deterioro de su microestructura, por lo que el hueso se hace más frágil y, por lo tanto, aumenta el riesgo de fractura. Se ha encontrado que las altas concentraciones de Lactobacillus y Bifidobacterium promueven la absorción de minerales como calcio, magnesio y fósforo y, por lo tanto, aumentan la densidad mineral. Debido a los grandes impactos sociales y económicos de la osteoporosis, es necesario desarrollar intervenciones que puedan ser fácilmente adoptadas a nivel poblacional con el fin de mejorar la calidad de vida de los individuos sin afectar significativamente el sistema de salud. Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto del aumento del consumo de lácteos en la población colombiana con diagnóstico de osteoporosis entre 2015 y 2020 mediante la simulación de la fracción de impacto potencial (PIF). Materiales y métodos: Estudio ecológico realizado en adultos mayores de 50 años con diagnóstico de osteoporosis. A partir de los registros del Sistema Integrado de Información de Protección Social (SISPRO) y la Encuesta Nacional de Situación Nutricional (ENSIN), se estimó la incidencia, la frecuencia de consumo de leche, el PIF y los años de vida ajustados por discapacidad (AVAD). Resultados: Se identificaron un total de 63 640 casos de osteoporosis en SISPRO, la mayor incidencia se observó en 2019. Se establecieron 17 grupos de alimentos en la ENSIN, los productos más frecuentes consumidos en población mayor de 50 años fueron leche, queso y yogur. En el cálculo del PIF se encuentra que con una ingesta de calcio de 600 mg/día se reduciría significativamente el número de casos. En 2019 se observó una mayor pérdida estimada de AVAD de 9,9. En las mujeres, los años de vida perdidos debido a fracturas fueron más altos en el grupo de edad de 65 a 69 años. En los hombres, fue más alta en el grupo de edad de 75-79 años. Discusión: Observamos que los departamentos con mayor consumo de productos lácteos fueron la capital y las regiones donde se encuentran las fábricas de productos lácteos. No fue posible establecer una asociación entre los estratos socioeconómicos y la baja ingesta de lácteos. Sin embargo, algunos autores han propuesto que la occidentalización de las dietas y los bajos ingresos reducen el acceso a frutas frescas y derivados de la leche. Conclusión: Los años perdidos por discapacidad aumentaron en la población mayor de 60 años. En el análisis PIF, se observó una disminución en los casos (reducción de 2329 casos/ año) cuando la población aumentó el consumo de productos lácteos.

Diagnóstico precoce de acetonemia subclínica em vacas holandesas por mensuração de corpos cetônicos / Early diagnosis of subclinical acetonemia in holstein cows by measuring ketone bodies / Diagnóstico precoz de acetonemia subclínica en vacas holstein mediante la medición de cuerpos cetónicos

O trabalho foi realizado em uma fazenda de exploração leiteira em Castrolanda, no município de Castro ­ PR. O sistema de manejo é free-stall, com 220 vacas da raça Holandesa com RHA305 de 6.740 litros. Foram coletadas amostras de sangue de 18 vacas de pré-parto, 4 dias antes da data prevista para o parto; e nos dias 4, 7 e 12 pós-parto, mediante punção venosa coccígea, utilizando-se SnapTest digital Ketovet®, constituindo 72 amostras, no período de fevereiro a maio de 2020. Em 4 vacas o BHB do sangue total apresentou-se acima do limite para cetose subclínica no quarto dia após o parto e 17 apresentaram-se acima do limite no sétimo dia, declinando em seguida, principalmente devido às intervenções clínicas. As médias e desvios-padrão foram: D - 4: 0,89 ± 0,257061; D 4: 1,05 ± 0,283279; D 7: 1,81 ± 0,456131; e D 12: 1,19 ± 0,437762. O benefício do monitoramento de BHB foi a imediata intervenção clínica, evitando-se a severidade por instalação de quadro clínico e as enfermidades concomitantes.(AU)

The study was carried out on a dairy farm in Castrolanda, in the county of Castro - PR. The management system is free stall, with 220 Holstein cows with RHA305 of 6,740 liters. Blood samples were collected from 18 pre-calving cows, 4 days before the expected date of calving; and on days 4, 7 and 12 postpartum, by means of coccygeal venipuncture, using SnapTest digital Ketovet®, constituting 72 samples, from February to May 2020. In 4 cows the BHB of whole blood was shown above the limit for subclinical ketosis on the fourth day after delivery and 17 presented above the limit on the seventh day, then declining mainly due to clinical interventions. The means and standard deviations were D -4: 0.89 ± 0.257061; D 4: 1.05 ± 0.283279; D 7: 1.81 ± 0.456131; and D 12: 1.19 ± 0.437762. The benefit of monitoring BHB was immediate clinical intervention, avoiding clinical ketosis and concomitant illnesses.(AU)

El estudio se realizó en una explotación lechera de Castrolanda, en la comarca de Castro - PR. El sistema de manejo es estabulación libre, con 220 vacas Holstein con RHA305 de 6.740 litros. Se recogieron muestras de sangre de 18 vacas pre- parto, 4 días antes de la fecha prevista de parto; y en los días 4, 7 y 12 postparto, mediante venopunción coccígea, utilizando SnapTest digital Ketovet®, constituyendo 72 muestras, desde febrero a mayo de 2020. En 4 vacas la BHB de sangre total se mostró por encima del límite para cetosis subclínica en el cuarto día después del parto y 17 presentaron por encima del límite en el séptimo día, disminuyendo después debido principalmente a intervenciones clínicas. Las medias y desviaciones estándar fueron D -4: 0,89 ± 0,257061; D 4: 1,05 ± 0,283279; D 7: 1,81 ± 0,456131; y D 12: 1,19 ± 0,437762. El beneficio de monitorizar la BHB fue la intervención clínica inmediata, evitando la cetosis clínica y las enfermedades concomitantes.(AU)

Effect of the chemical composition of fluid foods on the rate of fouling processing during sterilization / Efecto de la composición química de los alimentos líquidos sobre la tasa de procesamiento de la suciedad durante la esterilización

Background: This research was motivated by the determination of the sanitation schedule in the heat exchanger area for some products (milk, avocado juice, and orange juice), as well as the inconsistency of the results of previous studies related to the chemical composition of the fouling layer. Objectives: a) to test the effect of raw material composition on the chemical composition of the fouling layer. b) to test microbial growth's effect on fouling's chemical composition (protein). Methods: mathematical derivation of the formation process of Resistant Dirt Factor (Rd) in the form of an Equation; ANOVA was used to test the effect of the dependent variable (protein) and predictor (microbial). Results: a) The composition of the raw material strongly influences the chemical composition of the fouling layer; b) There is a strong effect between microbial growth and protein content as a fouling composition (p<0.05). Conclusion: A strong influence between microbial growth and the composition of the fouling layer (protein) can close the research gap related to the inconsistency of previous research results (fouling layer composition), so there is no prolonged debate

Antecedentes: Esta investigación fue motivada por la determinación del cronograma de sanitización en el área del intercambiador de calor para diferentes productos (leche, jugo de aguacate y jugo de naranja), así como la inconsistencia de los resultados de estudios previos relacionados con la composición química de la capa de suciedad. Objetivos: a) probar el efecto de la composición de la materia prima sobre la composición química de la capa de suciedad. b) probar el efecto del crecimiento microbiano en la composición química de la capa de suciedad (proteína). Método: etapas del proceso de formación del Factor de Suciedad Resistente (Rd) en forma de una ecuación; Se usó ANOVA para probar el efecto de la variable dependiente (proteína) y el predictor (microbiano). Resultados: a) La composición química de la capa de incrustación está fuertemente influenciada por la composición de la materia prima; b) Existe un fuerte efecto entre el crecimiento microbiano sobre el contenido de proteína como composición de ensuciamiento (p<0.05). Conclusión: Una fuerte influencia entre el crecimiento microbiano y la composición de la capa de incrustación (proteína) puede cerrar la brecha de investigación relacionada con la inconsistencia de los resultados de investigaciones anteriores (composición de la capa de incrustación) para que no haya un debate prolongado

Effects of dairy products intake on prodromal Parkinson's disease in Chinese adults aged 55 and above: A prospective cohort study / 环境与职业医学

Background It has been reported that a high intake of dairy products might be associated with an increased risk of Parkinson's disease (PD) in foreign studies, but no such study has yet been conducted on prodromal Parkinson's disease (pPD) and the Chinese population. Objective To investigate the prospective relationship between the intake of dairy products and pPD among people aged 55 and above in four provinces of China. Methods The research data were obtained from the baseline 2018 and follow-up 2020 surveys of Community-based Cohort Study on Nervous System Disease. A total of 9984 residents were selected who participated in both waves of surveys and had complete data on demographics, dietary products intake, and risk factors for PD. We evaluated the risk level and the numbers of related risk/prodromal markers of pPD in the participants based on a criteria recommended by the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society (MDS). Food Frequency Questionnaire was used to obtain food consumption data in the past 12 months, and the intake of dairy products was calculated and divided into non-consumption and tertiles of consumption (T1, T2, and T3 from low to high). Multiple linear regression was used to analyze the association between baseline dairy intake and risk level of follow-up pPD. Poisson regression and multinomial logit regression models were used to analyze the relationship of baseline dairy products and the number of risk/prodromal markers of follow-up pPD in the population, and multiple logistic regression was used to analyze each risk/prodromal marker of follow-up pPD according to baseline levels of dairy products intake. Results The percentage of residents without dairy products consumption was 58.02% in 2018, and the dairy products intakes were relatively high among residents being female, aged 55 to 74 years, with an education level of middle school and above, with a per capita monthly household income ≥ 1000 yuan, living in urban areas, and without active employment (P<0.05). The median risk level of pPD was 0.74% in 2020, and the proportion of residents with 3 to 5 markers was 66.74%. The multiple linear regression analysis results suggested no association between baseline dairy intake and follow-up risk level of pPD. The Poisson regression model showed that the high dairy products intake group at baseline (T3, median=250.00 g·d−1) was found to be 1.159 (95%CI: 1.065~1.261, Ptrend<0.001) times more likely to have the risk/prodromal markers of pPD at follow-up than non-consumers. When the number of markers was grouped, no statistically significant association was found by multiple logistic regression analysis. Conclusion Although high dairy products intake levels might be associated with pPD risk/prodromal markers among people aged 55 and above in four provinces of China, no direct association is found between dairy products intake and pPD risk levels in this study.

Genome-sequence, annotation and phylogenetic insights of the lactic acid bacterium Limosilactobacillus fermentum strain LAB1 obtained from the dairy beverage borhani

Limosilactobacillus fermentum is a promising probiotic with several documented health benefits. LAB1 is an antagonistic L. fermentum strain isolated from borhani, a traditional South Asian beverage prepared from dairy and plant ingredients. Here, I present the genome sequence of the L. fermentum LAB1 strain, its annotation, and phylogenetic features. The 2.01 Mb genome with a G+C content of 51.9% was assembled into 221 contigs and predicted to have 1,913 protein-coding genes, 98 pseudo genes, 7 rRNAs, 60 tRNAs, and 1 CRISPR array. As much as 91.1% of the coding sequences could be assigned to known functional genes. Determination of average nucleotide identity (ANI) of the genome sequence revealed 99.37% identity to that of the type strain ATCC 14931. Its 16S rRNA gene sequence extracted from the genome sequence showed close phylogenetic association with several L. fermentum strains. The genome sequence is expected to provide useful insights with regard to the phenotypic, metabolic and beneficial aspects of this lactic acid bacterium.(AU)

Dietary calcium intake in Brazilian preschoolers and schoolchhildren: review of the literature / Ingesta de cálcio dietético em pré-escolares e escolares brasileiros: revisão da literatura

ABSTRACT Objective: The objective of this study was to map and synthesize evidence on the adequacy of dietary calcium intake and dairy products in Brazilian preschoolers and schoolchildren. Data source: Evidence searches were performed in the MEDLINE (via PubMed) and Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACS; via BVS) databases, with no restriction on date or language of publication. Experimental or observational studies that evaluated healthy Brazilian children between 2 and 12 incomplete years old were included. Data synthesis: A total of 18 studies were included. Seven of 11 studies of 11 studies (63.6%) identified mean values of dietary calcium intake below the age recommendation, especially in schoolchildren, with the progression of the age group. Among preschoolers, studies with direct weighing of food showed higher mean values of dietary calcium ingested compared to those with dietary recall. Children attending public daycare centers on a part-time basis tended to have inadequate calcium intake. The consumption of milk and dairy products was lower among older children, especially schoolchildren. Conclusions: Inadequate dietary calcium intake seems to be prevalent in Brazil during childhood, especially among schoolchildren. Therefore, the evaluation of milk and dairy products intake must be considered in order to desgn appropriate corrective actions.

RESUMO Objetivo: Mapear e sintetizar as evidências sobre a adequação do consumo de cálcio dietético e laticínios em crianças brasileiras pré-escolares e escolares. Fontes de dados: As buscas pelas evidências foram realizadas nas bases de dados Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (Medline, via PubMed) e Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (Lilacs, via Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde — BVS), sem restrição de data ou idioma de publicação. Foram incluídos estudos experimentais ou observacionais que avaliaram crianças brasileiras saudáveis com idade entre dois e 12 anos incompletos. Síntese dos dados: Foram incluídos 18 estudos. Sete de 11 estudos (63,6%) identificaram valores médios da ingesta de cálcio dietético abaixo do recomendado para a idade, principalmente em escolares, com a progressão da faixa etária. Entre os pré-escolares, estudos com pesagem direta dos alimentos apresentaram maiores valores médios de cálcio dietético ingerido comparados aos obtidos com recordatório alimentar. Crianças frequentadoras de creches públicas em regime de meio período tiveram a maior inadequação da ingesta de cálcio. A ingesta de leite e derivados foi menor entre as crianças com idade mais avançada, principalmente em escolares. Conclusões: A inadequação da ingesta de cálcio dietético parece ser prevalente no Brasil, principalmente em escolares. Sendo assim, a avaliação da ingestão de leite e derivados é um ponto a ser observado para a realização de ações corretivas nessa faixa etária.

Lack of evidence for Mycoplasma spp. in bulk tank milk of herds located in mid-western Colombia / Falta de evidencia para Mycoplasma spp. en leche de tanques de enfriamiento de hatos del centro-occidente colombiano

ABSTRACT Mycoplasma spp. is reported as a highly contagious mastitis-causing bacteria in dairy cattle, without successful or low response to most common antibiotic treatments due to the lack of cell wall. In Colombia it has been reported in the Central Andean region during 2014. The aim was to estimate the prevalence of Mycoplasma spp. in bulk tank milk using microbiological and molecular diagnosis. A random longitudinal study enrolling 220 commercial dairy farms located in four provinces of the mid-western region of Colombia from four pasteurizer companies was performed. Bulk tank milk samples were collected once monthly for three months period for determining somatic cell count (SCC) and microbiological and molecular diagnosis of Mycoplasma spp. cultures were done without pre-enrichment procedures directly in mycoplasma agar with cefoperazone to inhibit growth of opportunistic microorganisms, plates were incubated under 37° C and atmosphere of 10% CO2 and inspected during a 10d period. Molecular analysis was done by a multiplex PCR using specific primers targeting the 16S-23S rARN gene of Mycoplasma spp. and from non-pathogenic bacteria occasionally found in milk. LnSCC average of included dairy farms was 6.19 x103 cells/mL, Mycoplasma spp. was not isolated during microbiological cultures, and no DNA belonging to the species was detected by PCR in the 220 bulk tanks milk, with an estimated prevalence lower than 2.3%. This finding shows that there is not microbiological or molecular evidence that demonstrates the presence of the pathogen in the milk from the mid-western region of Colombia at herd level.

RESUMEN Mycoplasma spp. está descrito como una bacteria causante de mastitis altamente contagiosa en ganado lechero, sin o con baja respuesta a tratamientos antibióticos convencionales debido a que carece de pared celular. En Colombia ha sido reportado en la región Andina Central durante 2014. El objetivo fue estimar la prevalencia de Mycoplasma spp. en leche de tanques de enfriamiento empleando diagnósticos microbiológicos y moleculares. Se realizó un estudio aleatorio longitudinal que incluyó 220 lecherías comerciales en cuatro departamentos del centro-occidente colombiano acopiadas por cuatro compañías pasteurizadoras. Se recolectaron muestras de leche del tanque de enfriamiento mensualmente durante tres meses para determinar el recuento de células somáticas (SCC) y el diagnóstico microbiològico y molecular de Mycoplasma spp. Los cultivos se realizaron sin procedimientos de preenriquecimiento directamente en agar micoplasma con cefoperazona para inhibir crecimiento de microorganismos oportunistas, los agares se incubaron a 37° C con una atmosfera del 10% CO2 e inspeccionados durante 10d. Los análisis moleculares se realizaron por PCR multiplex usando cebadores específicos para los genes 16S-23S rRNA del Mycoplasma spp. y de algunas bacterias oportunistas ocasionales en la leche. El promedio del LnSCC fue de 6.19 x103 células/ mL, Mycoplasma spp. no fue aislado de los cultivos microbiológicos y no se encontró ADN de a esta especie mediante PCR en los 220 tanques de leche. Lo anterior indica una prevalencia estimada menor a 2,3%. Se concluye que no existe evidencia micro-biológica ni molecular para demostrar la presencia del patógeno en la leche de la región centro-occidente colombiana a nivel de hato.

Impact of Climate Change on Microbiological Hazards in Food and Drinking Water in Sweden

Objective and scope: To increase our knowledge on how climate change can affect microbiological food safety in Sweden, during this century, a risk profile was developed. The focus of the report is to identify existing and emerging microbiological hazards (pathogenic microorganisms and toxins) that may be of concern and may affect the safety of food and water consumed in Sweden. Specific issues addressed are how the different stages in the food chain can be affected, and which hazards are most relevant for different food groups. The report is based on published scientific literature and governmental reports. Climate change scenarios: Human emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases affect a range of climate-related factors and lead to changes beyond those natural variations that have always occurred. These climate changes are already evident and will, according to various scenarios, continue during the rest of the century. The scenario assessed in the report was RCP8.5. Globally, this means higher annual average temperatures, changing precipitation patterns, reduced access to freshwater in many regions, rising sea levels, and acidification of the oceans. In Sweden, the climate will become warmer compared to today, especially in winter. Rainfall will generally increase, mostly in winter and spring, especially in the northern parts of Sweden. In the southeastern part of the country, increased drought and water shortages are expected. Climate change is also expected to lead to more frequent extreme weather, for instance floods and heat waves. Impact on food safety: A changed climate will have several effects on the environment and society that can affect food safety. Examples of such effects are changing conditions for crop production, livestock production, infrastructure, energy supply, and water availability. Climate change can influence food safety in different ways and through different routes along the entire food chain. Much of the impact occurs at the first stage, primary production, and can then propagate in the rest of the chain. Two scenarios were highlighted in the report, both of which are relevant for all stages of the food chain, although they may be of varying importance depending on the stage and type of operation considered: The first scenario includes the impact on food safety due to a change in the normal conditions with higher average temperature, increased precipitation or drought, and milder winters. The second scenario includes an increased frequency of extreme events such as torrential rains, floods, and dry periods, with potential consequences such as power failures and other disruptions of infrastructure that can have a major impact on the food chain and, in turn, on food safety. Climate change adaptations: In order to address the challenges associated with new “normal conditions”, climate change adaptation is needed in the production chains of food and drinking water. The normal conditions in Sweden may become similar to the current situation in southern Europe. This description of the new potential situation in this scenario is useful for communication purposes, and gives the stakeholders an idea of what adaptation measures may be needed. Additionally, an increased preparedness is needed to prevent and manage extreme events in the second scenario that can lead to an increased occurrence of pathogens and toxins in the raw materials and in drinking and process water as well as to increased frequency of disturbances in infrastructure. To some extent, changed conditions in primary production can be addressed through the application of Good Agricultural Practice and/or certification standards. However, despite these frameworks, the challenges in this first stage of the food chain can be expected to be particularly high. It is more difficult to implement direct management measures here than at later stages of the food chain. There, HACCP-based procedures and PRPs such as good hygiene practices and good production practices have been used with good results. Microbiological hazards: Assessing the impact of climate change on microbiological hazards is complex. This is partly because the changes that will take place are interrelated and can affect our environment in several different ways. It is also due to the fact that the available studies on which the assessment is based vary greatly, both in terms of the hazards that are studied and in terms of scope and methodological designs. Bacteria that are likely to increase in the environment, water, animals, plants, and/or food raw materials due to a changing climate, and for which the level of evidence is considered high, are Bacillus anthracis, Francisella tularensis, Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., and Vibrio spp. Potentially, all food-borne viruses are expected to increase in occurrence due to climate change. However, the level of evidence is intermediate for noroviruses and low for hepatitis A virus and hepatitis E virus. Most parasites will potentially increase in occurrence due to climate change, but the level of evidence is low for most. For Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia intestinalis, and Toxoplasma gondii, the level of evidence is intermediate. Among the mycotoxins, it is estimated that all Fusarium toxins addressed (DON, T2/HT2, ZEN, and fumonisins) will increase, of which the evidence level is highest for DON and fumonisins. Further, aflatoxins are expected to increase with a high level of evidence. In addition to the microbiological hazards listed, several other species of bacteria, viruses, and parasites as well as types of mycotoxins are also considered likely to increase, but due to a lack of data and in some cases conflicting indications, these assessments are uncertain. None of the microbiological hazards discussed in the report have been assessed likely to decrease in occurrence due to climate change. However, it should be noted that some climatic factors may influence microbiological hazards in both positive and negative directions. At the local level, it may thus be the case that certain hazards that have been assessed as potentially increasing instead remain unchanged or even decrease in occurrence. The final outcome also depends on the effectiveness of measures taken to address the challenges of climate change. Microbiological hazards and food groups: The microbiological hazards increasing in importance due to a changing climate are likely to vary for different food groups. The pathogenic microorganisms and toxins judged potentially to increase in occurrence and of relevance in different food groups due to a changed climate have been compiled (Table 1). It has not been possible, on the basis of existing data, to rank the hazards. The assessment suggests that it is of greatest importance to consider which pathways and types of hazards (properties, resistance) may be relevant in the different food groups because the control measures will in most cases be similar for different types of hazards. Capture4.PNG Concluding remarks: Many sources of uncertainty for the assessments were identified. The main sources include knowledge gaps associated with data on the extent to which the climate will impact on microbiological hazards, difficulties in identifying causal relationships based on correlations, knowledge gaps associated with the methodology of carrying out this type of complex assessment against uncertain future scenarios, and knowledge gaps regarding the future climate and its effects. A further contributing uncertainty is knowledge gaps on potential feedback mechanisms between climate change and its effects. Despite the uncertainties, the increased food safety challenges qualitatively identified in this report are considered likely. These challenges are the consequences of the impacts that climate change under the RCP8.5 scenario may have on several of the microbiological hazards in terms of increased or potentially increased occurrence in the environment, water, animals, plants, and/or food raw materials. Conclusions on the change of specific microbiological hazards, the extent of the impact, and the rate of change are subject to significantly greater uncertainty. This is not least because the impact of climate change depends on the accuracy of the climate scenarios and on what measures are put in place. The risk profile is an initial and general compilation of knowledge that can form a basis for further and more detailed studies and activities in the various sectors in the food chain. The complete report can be downloaded from: L 2021 — No 19 — Microbiological hazards (livsmedelsverket.se).

Respiratory health of the small scale dairy workers of urban Bhubaneswar, Odisha

Background: Human in close inhabitation with the cattle due to unventilated or inadequately ventilated establishments or inadequate living space, is always at a risk of sustaining infection from the cattle through different modes of disease transmission. This study hints at the increased incidences in respiratory infections among dairy workers in unorganized and small scale dairy farms due to amendable unhygienic practices. Methods: This survey was part of a larger study, conducted after ethics approval. Number of households involved in dairy work surveyed were 60. From every house, two members actively involved in dairy work were chosen and total respondents were 120. The study tool was a semi structured, mixed questionnaire. Results: 67.5% dairy workers self-reported occurrence of respiratory symptoms which included the complaints like cough,breathing difficulty on exertion. None of the dairy workers were vaccinated against any milk borne disease.Conclusion: The housing, civic amenities accessed by them and their awareness are probably the main reasons for wide variety of self perpetuated practices and deviations of standard requirement.Use of protective gear (gloves,caps,masks) should be strictly emphasized and popularized.

A restrição de alimentos lácteos é obrigatória para pacientes com doença inflamatória intestinal? Estudo transversal multinacional / Is dairy foods restriction mandatory for inflammatory bowel disease patients: a multinational cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT Background: The role of dairy foods in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has been controversial and it is debatable if patients with IBD should avoid milk and dairy products or not, as well as the relationship between these foods and symptoms among those population. Objective: This multi centric cross-sectional study designed to evaluate if it is really necessary to deprive IBD patients from consumption of dairy foods. Methods: A multicenter study with 12 gastroenterology referral centers in four countries was designed to evaluate gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms after consumption of dairy foods from all outpatients with IBD during 6 months and to compare patients treated at the same centers without IBD (non IBD cases). Results: Overall 1888 cases included (872 IBD patients and 1016 non IBD cases). 56.6% of participants were female with average age of 40.1 years. Racially 79.8% participants were Caucasians and originally they were citizens of 10 countries. Relative prevalence of IBD was higher in Africans and Indians and the most frequent prevalence of dairy foods intolerance was seen in Asians. Among IBD patients, 571 cases diagnosed as ulcerative colitis and 189 participants as Crohn's disease. Average duration of diagnosis as IBD was 6.8 years (from 2 months to 35 years). The most prevalent GI symptoms after consumption of all the dairy foods were bloating and abdominal pain. Totally, intolerance of dairy foods and lactase deficiency was more prevalent among IBD patients in comparison with non IBD cases (65.5% vs 46.1%, P=0.0001). But the rate of GI complains among IBD patients who had not any family history of lactase deficiency, history of food sensitivity or both were 59.91%, 52.87% & 50.33% respectively and similar to non IBD cases (P=0.68, 0.98 & 0.99 respectively). Conclusion: The rate of dairy foods intolerance among IBD patients without family history of lactase deficiency or history of food sensitivity is similar to non IBD cases and probably there is no reason to deprive them from this important source of dietary calcium, vitamin D and other nutrients.

RESUMO Contexto: O papel dos alimentos lácteos na doença inflamatória intestinal (DII) tem sido controverso e é discutível se os pacientes com DII devem ou não evitar leite e laticínios, bem como a relação entre esses alimentos e sintomas nesta população. Objetivo: Estudo transversal multicêntrico foi projetado para avaliar se é realmente necessário privar os pacientes com DII do consumo desta classe de alimentos. Métodos: Um estudo multicêntrico com 12 centros de referência em gastroenterologia de quatro países foi projetado para avaliar sintomas gastrointestinais após o consumo de alimentos lácteos em todos os ambulatórios de DII durante seis meses e comparar pacientes tratados nos mesmos centros sem DII. Resultados: No total, foram incluídos 1888 casos (872 pacientes com DII e 1016 casos sem DII. 56,6% dos participantes eram do sexo feminino com idade média de 40,1 anos. 79,8% dos participantes eram caucasianos e originalmente eram cidadãos de 10 países. A prevalência relativa de DII foi maior em africanos e indianos e a prevalência mais frequente de intolerância a alimentos lácteos observada nos asiáticos. Entre os pacientes com DII, 571 casos foram diagnosticados como colite ulcerativa e 189 participantes como doença de Crohn. A duração média do diagnóstico como DII foi de 6,8 anos (de 2 meses a 35 anos). Os sintomas de gastrointestinais mais prevalentes após o consumo de todos os alimentos lácteos foram inchaço e dor abdominal. No total, a intolerância aos alimentos lácteos e a deficiência de lactase foi mais prevalente entre os pacientes com DII em comparação com os casos sem DII (65,5% vs 46,1%, P=0,0001). A taxa de queixas gastrointestinais entre os pacientes com DII que não tinham histórico familiar de deficiência de lactase, histórico de sensibilidade alimentar ou ambos foram de 59,91%, 52,87% e 50,33% respectivamente e semelhantes aos casos sem DII (P=0,68, 0,98 e 0,99, respectivamente). Conclusão: A taxa de intolerância de alimentos lácteos entre pacientes com DII sem histórico familiar de deficiência de lactase ou histórico de sensibilidade alimentar é semelhante aos casos sem DII e provavelmente não há razão para privá-los dessa importante fonte de cálcio dietético, vitamina D e outros nutrientes.

Encefalitis asociada a astrovirus bovino neurotrópico, ¿una enfermedad subdiagnosticada en Sudamérica? / Neurotropic bovine astrovirus-associated encephalitis: An underdiagnosed diseasein South America?

Resumen Describimos un caso de encefalitis asociada a infección por astrovirus bovino neu-rotrópico en una vaca lechera, raza Jersey, del departamento de San José, Uruguay. Esterepresenta el segundo caso reportado de esta condición en el hemisferio sur. La vaca, únicaafectada de un rodeo de 70 bovinos, manifestó signos clínicos neurológicos con curso de 2 días,luego de los que murió espontáneamente. El examen histopatológico reveló meningoencefalitislinfocítica, histiocítica y plasmacítica, con necrosis neuronal, sin cuerpos de inclusión. No sedetectaron en el cerebro otros agentes infecciosos, incluyendo el virus de la rabia (Lyssavirus),alfaherpesvirus bovino-1 y alfaherpesvirus bovino-5 (Varicellovirus), virus de la diarrea viralbovina (Pestivirus), virus del Nilo Occidental (Flavivirus), Listeria monocytogenes, Histophi-lus somni y otras bacterias. Dado que el descubrimiento de astrovirus neurotrópicos en variasespecies de mamíferos, incluidos humanos, es reciente, proponemos que los casos de encefalitis por astrovirus pudieron haber pasado inadvertidos en Sudamérica. Discutimos brevementeel diagnóstico patológico diferencial de encefalitis infecciosas en bovinos.

Abstract We describe a case of neurotropic bovine astrovirus-associated encephalitis in a Jer-sey dairy cow from the department of San José, Uruguay. This represents the second case of thiscondition reported in the Southern Hemisphere. The cow was the only one affected in a herd of70 cows, showing neurological signs with a 2-day clinical course, before dying spontaneously.Histopathological examination revealed lymphocytic, histiocytic, and plasmacytic meningoen-cephalitis with neuronal necrosis, without detectable inclusion bodies. Other infectious agents,including Rabies virus (Lyssavirus), Bovine alphaherpesvirus-1 and Bovine alphaherpesvirus-5(Varicellovirus), Bovine viral diarrhea virus (Pestivirus), West Nile virus (Flavivirus), Listeriamonocytogenes, Histophilus somni and other bacteria, were not detected in the brain. We pro-pose that given the recent discovery of neurotropic astroviruses in various mammalian species,including humans, cases of astrovirus encephalitis may have gone undetected in South America.We briefly discuss the differential pathologic diagnosis of infectious bovine encephalitis.

Detection by multiplex PCR of Mycoplasma species associated with dairy cattle in Argentina / Detección por PCR multiplex de especies de Mycoplasma asociadas a ganado lecheroen Argentina

Abstract There is scarce information about the frequency and epidemiological and clinicalfeatures associated with the presence of Mycoplasma spp. in Argentine dairy herds. The objec-tives of this study were to develop a multiplex PCR for identifying M. bovis and M. canadenseand to describe the frequency of Mycoplasma spp. isolated from clinical samples submitted to adiagnostic laboratory. Of a total of 1548 samples from intramammary infections, bulk tank milkand biological fluids, 38 Mycoplasma isolates were obtained. M. bovis, M. canadense, M. cali-fornicum and M. leachii were detected by using two multiplex PCRs, confirming their presencein clinical conditions in dairy cattle. The techniques used in the present study can be usefulto broaden the knowledge about Mycoplasma infections in cattle, since the search for theseorganisms is not usually included in routine diagnoses.

Resumen Existe poca información sobre la frecuencia, así como las características epidemi-ológicas y clínicas asociadas con la presencia de Mycoplasma en los rodeos lecheros argentinos.Los objetivos de este estudio fueron desarrollar una PCR multiplex para identificar M. bovis yM. canadense y describir la frecuencia de especies de Mycoplasma aisladas de muestras clíni-cas enviadas a un laboratorio de diagnóstico. De un total de 1.548 muestras de infeccionesintramamarias, leche de tanque de frío y fluidos biológicos, se obtuvieron 38 aislamientos de Mycoplasma. Mediante 2 PCR multiplex se detectaron M. bovis, M. canadense, M. californicumy M. leachii, confirmando su presencia en síndromes clínicos en ganado lechero. Las técnicasutilizadas en el presente estudio pueden ser útiles para ampliar el conocimiento sobre las infec-ciones por Mycoplasma en bovinos, ya que la búsqueda de estos organismos no suele incluirseen los diagnósticos de rutina.

Niveles de urea en leche en sistemas silvopastoriles / Urea Levels in the Milk in silvopastoral Systems

Resumen El exceso de proteína en la dieta puede generar problemas productivos y reproductivos en rumiantes. La medición de la urea en la leche permite determinar la disponibilidad ruminal de energía y proteína, y, así, hacer ajustes en la dieta de ser necesario. El objetivo de este estudio fue cuantificar la concentración de urea en la leche en un hato que pastorea sistemas silvopastoriles multiestrato en alta densidad. Se evaluó un sistema doble propósito en El Cerrito, Valle del Cauca (Colombia). Los animales estuvieron divididos en tres grupos de alimentación (praderas con guinea-leucaena-algarrobo, estrella-leucaena-algarrobo, y estrella-algarrobo, respectivamente). Se recolectaron muestras de leche en el ordeño de la mañana y la tarde de cada animal seleccionado en cada grupo, a las cuales se les determinó la concentración de urea (Ureasa/ Berthelot). La concentración de urea en la leche del ordeño de la mañana y la tarde estuvo correlacionada positivamente (r = 0,86), la concentración promedio fue de 22,7±9,4 mg/dl. Sin embargo, entre grupos de alimentación varió (p < 0,001), fue mayor en el primer muestreo (p < 0,001), y también se observó una amplia variación entre los muestreos de una misma base forrajera. Los sistemas silvopastoriles multiestrato presentan adecuado balance entre la materia orgánica fermentable y la proteína degradable a nivel ruminal.

Abstract Excess of protein in the diet can lead to both productive and reproductive problems in ruminants. Measuring the urea in the milk allows determining the ruminant availability of energy and protein and, therefore, to do some adjustments to the diet whenever necessary. This study aims to quantify the urea concentration in the milk in a farm that takes care of high-density multi-layer silvopastoral systems. A system with dual purpose was evaluated in El Cerrito, Valle del Cauca (Colombia). The animals were divided into three feeding groups (prairies with guinea-leucaena-algarrobo, estrella-leucaena-algarrobo and estrella-algarrobo, respectively). Samples of milk were gathered during the morning and afternoon milking from the animal selected in each group, and then the urea concentration was determined (Urease/ Berthelot). The urea concentrations in the morning and afternoon milk were correlated positively (r = 0.86), the average concentration was 22.7+9.4 mg/dl. However, the values varied between the feeding groups (p < 0.001), it was higher in the first sample (p < 0.001). Likewise, a broad variation was observed between the samples inside the same foraging basis. Multi-layer silvopastoral systems show an appropriate balance between the fermentable organic matter and the degradable protein in the ruminants.

Qualidade do leite cru refrigerado avaliado por diferentes laboratórios credenciados pelo MAPA / Quality of refrigerated raw milk evaluated by different laboratories accredited by MAPA

O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar e correlacionar os resultados de qualidade do leite cru refrigerado de dez propriedades rurais de Viçosa (MG) obtidos por métodos de referências do Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento e por espectrofotômetros de luz infravermelha em três laboratórios (A, B e C) credenciados pelo mesmo órgão de fiscalização. As amostras de leite foram analisadas quanto à contagem bacteriana, contagem de células somáticas (CCS) e teores de gordura, proteína e extrato seco desengordurado (ESD). Não houve discordância de amostras de leite quanto aos teores de proteína e gordura. Porcentagens diferentes de discordância foram observadas entre os resultados dos laboratórios e método de referência quanto à CCS, contagem bacteriana e teores de ESD. Os teores médios de proteína dos laboratórios A e B e os teores médios de ESD de todos laboratórios não foram estatisticamente iguais (p<0,05) aos teores obtidos pelo método de referência. Os teores de gordura obtidos no laboratório B não tiveram correlação estatística (p>0,05) com os teores obtidos pelo método de referência. Observou-se que as CCS e contagens bacterianas médias de todos os laboratórios foram estatisticamente iguais (p>0,05) e correlacionadas (p<0,05) às contagens médias obtidas pelos métodos de referência. Conclui-se que os teores de proteína em dois laboratórios e ESD em todos os laboratórios não são equivalentes com os métodos de referência do MAPA. É importante que os laboratórios revejam a calibração dos seus equipamentos quanto à quantificação dos teores de sólidos do leite.

The objective of this study was to analyze and to correlate the results of refrigerated raw milk quality in ten farms of Viçosa (MG). The milk was analyzed by the Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento standard methods and by infrared spectrophotometers in three laboratories (A, B and C) accredited by the same institution. The milk samples were analyzed for bacterial counts, somatic cell count (SCC) and fat, protein and solids not fat (SNF) tenors. There were no disagreement milk samples as the protein and fat tenors. Different percentages of disagreement were observed between the results of laboratory and standard method as the SCC, bacterial count and SNF tenor. The protein mean tenor of A and B laboratories and the SNF mean tenor of all laboratories were not statistically equal (p<0.05) the tenors obtained by standard method. The fat tenors obtained in B laboratory were not statistically correlated (p>0.05) with tenors obtained by the standard method. It was observed that the means of SCC and bacterial counts of all laboratories were statistically the same (p>0.05) and correlated (p<0.05) to the means counts obtained by standard methods. It is concluded that the protein tenors in two laboratories and SNF in all laboratories are not equivalent with the reference methods of MAPA. It is important that laboratories review the calibration of the equipment on the quantification of milk solids tenors.

Brucelosis bovina y humana en el sur de México: una zoonosis desatendida / Bovine and human brucellosis in southern Mexico: a neglected zoonosis

Resumen La brucelosis es una zoonosis desatendida y un problema de salud pública en países en desarrollo, que también causa grandes pérdidas económicas en la ganadería. En México es endémica y Chiapas un estado al sur del país, destaca por la presencia de la enfermedad en humanos. Por medio de la revisión del estado del arte, se encontró que factores como la alta producción de ganado bovino, las limitadas estrategias institucionales de control de la enfermedad en el ganado, la falta de regulación sanitaria del género Brucella en productos lácteos y cárnicos y la ubicación del estado de Chiapas en la frontera con Centroamérica, podrían ser condicionantes para la prevalencia de brucelosis humana en esta región de México.

Abstract Brucellosis is a neglected zoonosis and a public health problem in developing countries that also causes great economic losses in livestock. In Mexico it is endemic and Chiapas, a state in the south of the country, stands out for the presence of the disease in humans. Through the review of the state of the art it was found that factors such as the high production of cattle, the limited institutional strategies to control the disease in livestock, the lack of sanitary regulation of the genus Brucella in dairy and meat products and the location of the state of Chiapas on the border with Central America could be determining factors for the prevalence of human brucellosis in this region of Mexico.

Estimation of lactation curves of Gyr cattle and some associated production parameters in the Colombian low tropic

Background: The Gyr breed is widely used in Colombian low tropic dairy production systems. During the last 10 years, the Asociación Colombiana de Criadores de Ganado Cebú† ASOCEBU, has been leading a dairy milk control program which led to the creation of a dataset that permits to carry out the first analysis of milk yield in Gyr cattle in the country using records from several herds. Objectives: To study milk production dynamics of Gyr cattle in the Colombian low tropic through the estimation of lactation curves and four derived production parameters: total milk yield between 5 and 305 days (TMY305), peak milk yield (PMY), days at peak (DP) and persistency (P). Methods: 13,798 daily milk yield records from 1,510 cows performing in 103 herds were used; the total number of lactations was 2,480. Four models were considered: Wood, Wiltmink, Papajcsik & Bordero, and a second-degree polynomial. Mean square error, mean absolute error, mean square error of prediction, Akaike and Bayesian information criteria were used to select the model better describing each lactation using the majority rule, that is, the model selected by most criteria was the chosen one. The shape of each fitted lactation curve was checked using basic results from calculus which permitted the classification of the estimated curves into two groups: typical and atypical; only typical functions were used to compute the four aforementioned production parameters. Results: The second-order polynomial was the model most frequently selected, while the Papajcsik & Bordero model had the lowest frequency. Average TMY305, PMY, DP and P were 3,489.86 kg, 17.28 kg, 57.17 days, and 0.83, respectively, with coefficients of variation: 0.27, 0.21, 0.41, and 0.16. Conclusions: This study permitted to identify individuals with outstanding phenotypic performance. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study of this kind involving thousands of lactations from Gyr cows performing in several regions of Colombian low tropic.

Antecedentes: La raza Gyr es ampliamente utilizada en las lecherías de trópico bajo en Colombia. Durante los últimos 10 años, la Asociación Colombiana de Criadores de Ganado Cebú ASOCEBU, ha liderado un programa de control lechero que generó una base de datos que permite llevar a cabo el primer análisis de producción de leche de la raza Gyr en el país, considerando individuos de varias fincas. Objetivos: Caracterizar la dinámica de producción de leche de ganado Gyr en el trópico bajo colombiano mediante la estimación de curvas de lactancia y cuatro parámetros de producción derivados: producción total entre 5 y 305 días (TMY305), pico de lactancia (PMY), días al pico (DP) y persistencia (P) Métodos: Se utilizaron 13.798 registros de producción diaria de leche de 1.510 vacas provenientes de 103 fincas, el total de lactancias fue 2.480. Se consideraron cuatro modelos: Wood, Wiltmink, Papajcsik & Bordero, y un polinomio de segundo grado. Los criterios usados para elegir el modelo que mejor describió cada lactancia fueron: error cuadrático medio, error absoluto medio, error cuadrático medio de predicción, criterio de información de Akaike y criterio de información Bayesiano. Se utilizó el criterio de mayoría, esto es, el modelo seleccionado fue aquel elegido por más criterios. La forma de cada una de las curvas de lactancia estimadas fue chequeada utilizando resultados básicos del cálculo, esto permitió clasificar las curvas estimadas en dos grupos: típicas y atípicas; solamente las curvas típicas fueron empleadas para calcular los cuatro parámetros antes mencionados. Resultados: El polinomio de segundo grado fue el modelo que se seleccionó con mayor frecuencia, mientras que el modelo Papajcsik & Bordero tuvo la menor frecuencia. Los promedios para TMY305, PMY, DP y P fueron 3.489,86 kg, 17,28 kg, 57,17 días, y 0,83, respectivamente, con coeficientes de variación 0,27, 0,21, 0,41 y 0,16 Conclusiones: Este estudio permitió identificar individuos con desempeño fenotípico sobresaliente. De acuerdo al estado del arte, este es el primer estudio de este tipo que considera miles de lactancias de vacas Gyr provenientes de varias regiones del trópico bajo colombiano.

Antecedentes: Gir é uma raça Bos indicus amplamente utilizada em sistemas de produção leiteira no trópico baixo Colombiano. A Asociación Colombiana de Criadores de Ganado CebúASOCEBU, lidera um programa de controle de leite nos últimos 10 anos, o que permitiu à coleta de um conjunto de dados para realizar a primeira análise de produção de leite em bovinos Gir no país com informações de vários rebanhos. Objetivo: Estudar a dinâmica da produção de leite por meio da estimativa das curvas de lactação e quatro parâmetros de produção derivados: produção total de leite entre 5 e 305 dias (TMY305), produção de leite no pico de lactação (PMY), dias em produção de leite no pico de lactação (DP) e persistência (P). Métodos: Foram utilizados 13.798 registros de produção diária de leite de 1.510 vacas de 103 fazendas , totalizando 2.480 lactações. Foram considerados quatro modelos: Wood, Wiltmink, Papajcsik & Bordero e um polinômio de segundo grau. Para selecionar o modelo que melhor descreve cada lactação foram utilizados os seguintes critérios: erro quadrado médio, erro absoluto médio, e erro quadrado médio de predição. O modelo selecionado pela maioria dos parâmetros, de acordo com os critérios de informação de Akaike e Bayesiano, foi o escolhido. A forma de cada curva de lactação ajustada foi verificada utilizando os resultados básicos do cálculo, isso permitiu classificar as curvas estimadas em dois grupos: típico e atípico, e apenas funções típicas foram utilizadas para calcular os quatro parâmetros de produção acima mencionados Resultados: O polinômio de segunda ordem foi o modelo mais frequentemente selecionado, enquanto o modelo Papajcsik & Bordero apresentou a menor frequência. A média de TMY305, PMY, DP e P foram 3.489,86 kg, 17,28 kg, 57,17 d e 0,83, respectivamente, com coeficientes de variação de 0,27, 0,21, 0,41 e 0,16. Conclusões: Este estudo permitiu identificar indivíduos com excelente desempenho fenotípico. De acordo com a literatura atual, este é o primeiro estudo envolvendo milhares de lactações de vacas Gir em várias regiões do trópico baixo colombiano.

Productive and reproductive performance of crossbred dairy heifers with induced lactation and efficacy of antimicrobial therapy associated with internal teat sealants / Desempenho produtivo e reprodutivo de novilhas com lactação induzida e eficácia da terapia antimicrobiana associada com selante interno de tetos

This study evaluated (a) the efficacy of an association between injectable antibiotic therapy and sealant (ATBS) on milk yield (MY), somatic cell count (SCC), and prevalence of intramammary infections (IMI); and (b) the efficacy of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) on follicular cyst (FCs) resolution (cyclicity at the 45th day in milk; DIM) and cumulative pregnancy rate (CPR) in heifers submitted to a lactation induction protocol (LIP). A total of 114 crossbred (Holstein × Jersey) heifers, with 34.7 ± 4.8 months and 439 ± 56.35 kg were submitted to LIP. On the 5th day of the LIP, the heifers were assigned to (i) ATBS (n = 57) with 7 mg/kg of norfloxacin associated with sealant and (ii) Control 1 (n = 57; CONT1) with no treatments. Lactation began on the 21st day of LIP and the 15th DIM, FCs were diagnosed and 106 heifers were randomized into two treatment groups with 53 heifers each: (i) GnRH (5 mL injectable GnRH) and (ii) Control 2 (CONT2; no treatment). Of the 114 heifers initially induced, 83.33% (n = 95) responded to LIP with an average MY of 15.19 kg/milk/day during 22 weeks of lactation. In the first 14 DIM, the IMI prevalence was 18% and 28% for heifers ATBS and CONT1 treated, respectively. Additionally, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus was the most frequently isolated group of pathogens. Mammary quarters that received ATBS treatment had a lower risk of IMI and SCC than CONT1. The cyclicity at 45 DIM was 68% (ATBS) and 35% (CONT1), and 57% and 46% for animals in the GnRH and CONT2. CPR was 60% in the ATBS group and 89% in CONT1, but GnRH treatment did not affect the CPR. In conclusion, LIP was effective in stimulating MY in heifers, and the IMI prevalence decreased with ATBS treatment. Also, the use of GnRH did not affect the FC regression, cyclicity at 45 DIM, and CPR.(AU)

Este estudo avaliou a (i) eficácia da associação entre antibioticoterapia injetável e selante interno de tetos (ATBS) na produção de leite (PL), contagem de células somáticas (CCS), e prevalência de infecções intramamárias (IIM); e (ii) eficácia do hormônio liberador de gonadotrofina (GnRH) na resolução de cistos foliculares (CFs), ciclicidade ao 45º dia em lactação (DEL) e taxa de prenhez cumulativa (TPC) em novilhas submetidas a um protocolo de indução de lactação (PIL). Um total de 114 novilhas mestiças (Holandês × Jersey), com 34,7 ± 4,8 meses e 439 ± 56,35 kg foram submetidas ao PIL. No 5º dia do PIL, as novilhas receberam: (i) ATBS (n = 57) com 7 mg/kg de norfloxacina associada ao selante interno de tetos e (ii) Controle 1 (n = 57; CONT1) sem tratamento. A lactação teve início no 21º dia do PIL e no 15º DEL, foram diagnosticados CFs e 106 novilhas foram agrupadas em dois grupos de tratamento com 53 novilhas em cada: (i) GnRH (5 mL de GnRH injetável) e (ii) Controle 2 (CONT2; sem tratamento). Das 114 novilhas inicialmente induzidas, 83,33% (n = 95) responderam ao PIL com PL média de 15,19 kg/leite/d durante 22 semanas de lactação. Nos primeiros 14 DEL a prevalência de IIM foi de 18% e 28% para as novilhas tratadas com ATBS e CONT1, respectivamente. Além disso, estafilococos coagulase negativa foram o grupo de patógenos mais frequentemente isolados. Quartos mamários tratados com ATBS tiveram menor risco (0,56) de IIM e menor CCS do que CONT1. A ciclicidade a 45 DEL foi de 68% (ATBS) e 35% (CONT1), e 57% e 46% para os animais no GnRH e CONT2. A TPC foi de 60% no grupo ATBS e 89% no CONT1, porém o tratamento com GnRH não afetou a TPC. Em conclusão, o PIL foi eficaz em estimular a PL em novilhas tardias e a prevalência de IIM diminiuiu com o tratamento ATBS. Além disso, o uso de GnRH não afetou a regressão de CF, ciclicidade em 45 DEL e a TPC.(AU)

Perfil do consumidor de leite de cabra e derivados / Consumer's profile of goat's milk and its derivates

O presente artigo teve como objetivo traçar o perfil do consumidor do leite de cabra e seus derivados, especialmente quanto à frequência e razão do consumo desses produtos. Foi realiada uma survey utilizando um questionário, com perguntas abertas e fechadas, enviado por meio eletrônico no sistema bola de neve. O questionário foi respondido por 372 pessoas, sendo 212 (57%) destas já consumiram algum derivado de leite caprino. A maioria dos respondentes era do sexo feminino (68,5%) e idade até 24 anos (68,5%). A escolaridade variou de ensino fundamental à pós-graduação, sendo que o ensino superior incompleto ou completo e pós-graduação representam cerca de 80% dos respondentes e cerca de 54% possuem renda até 3 salários-mínimos. Queijos (>60%) e leite em pó (16%) são os produtos com maior e menor consumo, respectivamente, sendo a aquisição dos produtos é realizada, preferencialmente, em super e hipermercados. Entre os motivos para consumo dos produtos estão o sabor, curiosidade, ser saudável, possuir mais vitaminas, fatores nutricionais e funcionais, qualidade e indicação médica. O consumo diário de produtos de origem caprina ainda é baixo, sendo necessária a desmistificação quanto ao sabor destes produtos e a divulgação de suas características nutricionais

This article aims to outline the consumer's profile of goat's milk and its derivatives, especially regarding the frequency and reason for the consumption of these products. A survey was carried out using a questionnaire, with open and closed questions, sent electronically in the snowball system. The questionnaire was answered by 372 people, 212 (57%) of whom have already consumed some goat's milk derivative. Most respondents were female (68.5%) and age (68.5%) up to 24 years old. Education ranged from elementary to post-graduate, with incomplete or complete higher education and post-graduate education accounting for about 80% of respondents and about 54% earning up to 3 minimum wages. Cheese (> 60%) and powdered milk (16%) are the products with the highest and lowest consumption, respectively, with the products being purchased, preferably, in super and hypermarkets. Among the reasons for consuming the products are the taste, curiosity, being healthy, having more vitamins, nutritional and functional factors, quality, and medical indication. The daily consumption of goat's products is still low, and it is necessary to demystify the flavor of these products and publicize their nutritional characteristics

Intake of liquid dairy products among the fourth grade studentsin Nanjing City / 预防医学

Objective@#To investigate the intake of liquid dairy products and identify its influencing factors among the fourth grade students in Nanjing City. @*Methods@#The fourth grade students were selected as the study subjects in Nanjing City using a multi-stage random cluster sampling method in September 2020. Their general information, frequency of liquid dairy product intake one week prior to survey and mean intake amount per time were collected. According to the 2016 Dietary Guidelines for Chinese Residents, weekly intake of liquid dairy products of 2 100 g and greater was defined eligible. Factors affecting the frequency and amount of liquid dairy product intake were identified using multivariable logistic regression analysis.@*Results@#A total of 2 268 questionnaires were allocated and 2 216 valid questionnaires were recovered, with an effective recovery rate of 97.71%. The respondents included 1 199 boys ( 54.11% ) and 1 017 girls ( 45.89% ). The frequency of liquid dairy product intake was (6.41±4.86) times per week, and the median intake amount was 1 250.00 g per week (interquartile range, 1 750.00 g per week). There were 607 students ( 27.39% ) consuming liquid dairy products of 2 100 g and greater a week, and 1 016 students ( 45.85% ) consumed liquid dairy products for 7 times and more a week. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that living in urban areas ( OR=1.204, 95%CI: 1.005-1.443 ), knowing nutrition labels ( OR=1.221, 95%CI: 1.021-1.460 ), periodical measurement of body weight (OR=1.486, 95%CI: 1.098-2.011) and restricted intake of sugar-containing drinks ( OR=1.264, 95%CI: 1.005-1.590 ) facilitated the intake of liquid dairy products for 7 times and more a week, and students with periodical measurement of body weight were more likely to consume liquid dairy products for 2 100 g and greater a week ( OR=1.821, 95%CI: 1.240-2.676 ).@*Conclusions@#Inadequate intake of liquid dairy products is found among the fourth grade students in Nanjing City. Residence, awareness of nutrition labels, periodical measurement of body weight, and parental restriction of sugar-containing drink intake affect the intake of liquid dairy products.